Table 1 Summary of radiosensitizing experimental data obtained with ionizing radiation and gold nanoparticles
From: Biological mechanisms of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization
Author | Size (nm) | Concentration | Surface coating | Cell model | Source energy | DEF/effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | ||||||
 Bobyk et al. (2013) | 1.9 15 | 10 mg/ml, 15 min | Thiol | F98 glioma cells | 50 keV, 6 Gy | Sensitization ratio of 1.92 for 1.9 nm particles and 1.4 for 15 nm particles |
 Butterworth et al. (2010) | 1.9 | 10, 100 µg/ml | Thiol | AGO-1552B Astro DU-145 L132 MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 PC-3 T98G | 160 kVp | 1.97 0.96 0.81 0.87 1.09 1.11 1.02 1.91 |
 Chang et al. (2008) | 13 | 10 nM | Citrate | B16F10 | 6 MV e− | Significant decrease in SF @ 8 Gy |
 Chattopadhyay et al. (2013) | 30 | 2.4 mg/ml | PEG, HER2 targeted | MDA-MB-231 | 100 kVp | 1.6 (targeted) 1.3 (untargeted) |
 Chen et al. (2015) | 28 | 36 µg/ml | BSA | U87 | 160 kVp | 1.37 |
 Chithrani et al. (2010) | 14 50 74 | 7 × 109 NPs/ml | Citrate | HeLa | 105 kVp 220 kVp 660 keV 6 MV | 1.66 1.43 1.18 1.17 |
 Coulter et al. (2012) | 1.9 | 12 µM (500 µg/ml) | Thiol | MDA-MB-231 DU-145 L132 | 160 kVp | 1.8 |
 Cui et al. (2014) | 2.7 | 0.5 mg/ml | Tiopronin | MDA-MB-231 | 225 kVp | 1.04–1.44 |
 Geng et al. (2011) | 14 | 1.25, 2.5, 5 nM | Glucose | SK-OV-3 | 90 kVp 6 MV | 1.44 1.3–1.37 |
 Jain et al. (2014) | 1.9 | 12 µM (500 µg/ml) | Thiol | MDA-MB-231 | 160 kVp | 1.41 |
 Jain et al. (2011) | 1.9 | 12 µM (500 µg/mL) | Thiol | MDA-MB-231 L132 DU-145 | 160 kVp. 6 MV 15 MV | 1.41 1.29 1.16 |
 Joh et al. (2013) | 12 | 1 mM | PEG | U251 | 150 kVp | 1.3 |
 Kaur et al. (2013) | 5–9 | 5.5 µmol/mL | Glucose | HeLa | Gamma (60-Co) Carbon (62 MeV) | 1.52 1.39 |
 Khoshgard et al. (2014) | 47–52 | 50 µM | PEG, Folate-conjugated | HeLa | Gamma (60-Co) | 1.64 (targeted) 1.35 (untargeted) |
 Kong et al. (2008) | 10.8 | 15 µM | Cysteamine/glucose | MCF-7 | 200 kVp 662 keV 60-Co | 1.3 (cysteamine) 1.6 (glucose) |
 Liu et al. (2010) | 6.1 | 0.4–1 mM | PEG | EMT-6 CT26 | 6.5 keV 8.048 keV 160 kVp 6 MV 3 MeV proton | 2–45% decrease in survival rate |
 Liu et al. (2008) | 4.7 | 500 µM | PEG | CT26 | 6 MV | 1.33–1.59 |
 Liu et al. (2015) | 14.8 | 1.5–15 µg/ml | Citrate | HeLa | 50 kVp X-rays 70 keV/µm carbon | 1.14–2.88 1.27–1.44 |
 Ngwa et al. (2013) | 50 | 0.2 mg/ml | Methyl polymer | HeLa | I-125 seeds with average photon energy of 28 keV | 1.7–2.3 |
 Rahman et al. (2009) | 1.9 | 0.25, 0.5, 1 mM | Thiol | BAEC | 80 Kvp 150 kVp, 6 MV 12 MV | 20 1.4 2.9 3.7 |
 Roa et al. (2009) | 10.8 | 15 nM | Glucose | DU-145 | 662 keV (137-Cs) | 1.24–1.38 |
 Taggart et al. (2014) | 1.9 | 12 µM (500 µg/ml) | Thiol | MDA-MB-231 T98G DU-145 | 225 kVp | 1.17–1.23 1.35–1.9 1.01–1.1 |
 Wang et al. (2013) | 13 | 20 nM | Glucose | A549 | 6 MV | 1.49 |
 Wang et al. (2015) | 16 49 | 20 nM | Glucose | MDA-MB-231 | 6 MV | 1.49 (16 nm) 1.86 (49 nm) |
 Wolfe et al. (2015) | 31 × 9 | 0.3 OD | PEG, goserelin-conjugated nanorods | PC-3 | 6 MV | 1.36 (targeted) 1.19 (non targeted) |
 Zhang et al. (2008) | 30 | 15 nM | Glucose | DU-145 | 200 kVp | >1.3 |
 Zhang et al. (2012) | 4.8 12.1 27.3 46.6 | 0.05 mM | PEG | HeLa | 662 keV (137-Cs) | 1.41 (4.8 nm) 1.65 (12.1 nm) 1.58 (27.3 nm) 1.42 (46.6 nm) |
 Zhang et al. (2014) | <2 | 50 µg/ml | GSH or BSA | HeLa | 662 keV (137-Cs) | 1.3 (GSH) 1.21 (BSA) |
In vivo | ||||||
 Chang et al. (2008) | 13 | 200 µl, 200 nM GNPs IV | Citrate | B16F10 | 6 MeV e− | Tumour growth delay |
 Chattopadhyay et al. (2013) | 30 | 0.8 mg Au i.t. | PEG, HER2 Targeted | MDA-MB-361 | 100 kVp, 11 Gy | Tumour growth inhibition |
 Chen et al. (2015) | 28 | 1.3 mg/mL i.v. | BSA | U87 | 160 kVp, 3 Gy @ 2 h post injection, 2 Gy @ 24 h post injection | Tumour regression |
 Hainfeld et al. (2004) | 1.9 | 1.35 g Au/kg, 2.7 g Au/kg i.v. | Thiol | EMT-6 | 250 kVp, 26 Gy | 50% and 86% long-term survival at 1.35 g and 2.7 g Au/kg |
 Hainfeld et al. (2010) | 1.9 | 1.9 g/kg i.v. | Thiol | SCCVII | 68 keV, 42 Gy, 157 keV, 50.6 Gy | Increase median survival (53 vs 76 days and 31 vs 49 days at 68 keV and 157 keV) |
 Hainfeld et al. (2013) | 1.9 | 4 g Au/kg i.v. | Thiol | Tu-2449 | 100 kVp, 30 Gy | 50% long-term tumour free survival |
 Joh et al. (2013) | 12 | 1.25 g Au/kg i.v. | PEG | U251 | 175 kVp, 20 Gy | Increased median survival (28 vs 14 days) |
 Miladi et al. (2014) | 6.6 | 50 µl, 50 mM i.t. | DTDTPA, DTDTPA-Gd | U87 | Mean energy of 90 keV | DTDTPA increased lifespan up to 117.9% DTDTPA-Gd increased lifespan up to 473.3% |
 Wolfe et al. (2015) | 31 x 9 | 100 µl, 40 µM GNPs i.v. | PEG | PC3 | 6 MV | Tumour growth delay |
 Zhang et al. (2012) | 4.8 12.1 27.3 46.6 | 4 mg/kg i.v. | PEG | HeLa | 662 keV | Tumour growth inhibition |
 Zhang et al. (2014) | <2 | 10 mg/kg i.p. | GSH or BSA | U14 | 662 keV | 55% (GSH) and 38% (BSA) decrease in tumour volume |