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Table 1 Chronological overview of experimental studies on radio-enhancement of fast ion radiation effects by high-Z compounds

From: Particle therapy and nanomedicine: state of art and research perspectives

Ion type E LET (keV/μm) Dose rate (Gy/min) Sample Radio-enhancer Data Evidence of radical effects Localisation Refs./year
Helium 143 MeV/amu 2.24 (HIMAC) 4 pBr322 plasmid PtTC complex SSB/DSB Yesa – Usami et al. (2005)
Carbon 276 MeV/amu
109 MeV/amu 		13.4 (HIMAC)
25.6 		7
6.2 		pBr322 plasmid PtTC complex SSB/DSB Yes – Usami et al. (2007)
Iron 400 MeV/amu
100 MeV/amu 		200 (HIMAC)
550 		– pBr322 plasmid PtTC complex SSB/DSB Yes –  
Carbon 290 MeV/amu 13 (HIMAC)
70 		7
6.2 		CHO-K-1 cells PtTC complex SF Yes Yes Usami et al. (2008a)
Helium 150 MeV/amu 2 & 7 (HIMAC) 4 CHO-K-1 cells PtTC complex SF Yes Yes  
Carbon 276 MeV/amu 13.4 (HIMAC) 4 pBr322 plasmid PtNP-PAA 3 nm   Yes – Porcel et al. (2010)
Carbon 290 MeV/amu 13.2 (HIMAC)
110 		7 pBr322 plasmid PtNP-PAA 3 nm   Yes –  
Protons 40 MeV 1 (Pristine peak)
35 (Bragg Peak) 		480 CT26 cells AuNPs 2–13 nm SF – – Kim et al. (2010)
Protons 40 MeV 1 (Pristine peak)
35 (Bragg Peak) 		480 CT26 cells FeNPs 14 nm SF – –  
Protons 40 MeV 1 (Pristine peak)
35 (Bragg peak) 		– CT26 T in mice AuNPs 2–13 nm T growth/mice survival – –  
Protons 80 MeV – 4 NSA fibrocarcoma in mice Cis-Pt T growth/mice survival – Yes Terakawa et al. (2011)
Protons 160 MeV SOBP – DU 145 Prostate carcinoma cells Phage plus AuNPs 44 nm SF – – Polf et al. (2011)
Helium 150 MeV/amu 2.3 (HIMAC) 4 pBr322 plasmid PtNP-PAA 3 nm SSB/DSB Yes – Porcel et al. (2012)
Carbon 290 MeV/amu 13.2
110
(HIMAC) 		7 pBr322 plasmid PtNP-PAA 3 nm SSB/DSB Yes –  
Protons 45 MeV Pristine Bragg Peak Entrance plateau 0.5–0.7 CT26 T in mice AuNPs 14 nm T uptake/T growth/Mice survival Yes – Kim et al. (2012)
Protons 45 MeV Pristine Bragg Peak Entrance plateau 0.5–0.7 CT26 T in mice FeNPs 10.6 nm T uptake/T growth/Mice survival Yes –  
Carbon 62 MeV 290   HeLa Glu-AuNPs 6 nm   – – Kaur et al. (2013)
Carbon 270 MeV/amu 13 (HIMAC) 7 pBr322 plasmid GdBNP 3 nm SSB/DSB Yes – Porcel et al. (2014)
Helium 150 MeV/amu 2.3 (HIMAC) 4 pBr322 plasmid GdBNP 3 nm SSB/DSB – –  
Carbon 270 MeV/amu 13 7 CHO GdBNP 3 nm SF   Yes  
Protons 3 MeV 12 – RT112 Citrate-AuNPs 50 nm   Yes Yes Jeynes et al. (2014)
Protons 2 MeV 10 and 25 1 A431 Amine PEG capped AuNPs 5 & 10 nm SF Yes Yes (Li et al. (2016)
Carbon 165 MeV/amu 70 (HIRFL) 0.4 HeLa AuNPs 14 nm (1.5–15 μg/mL) Viability, SF, cell cycle Yes Yes Liu et al. (2015, 2016)
Protons 150 MeV 0.44
3.6 		– pBr322 plasmid PtNP-PAA 3 nm SSB/DSB Yes – Schlathölter et al. (2016)
Protons 150 MeV 0.44
3.6 		– pBr322 plasmid GdBNP 3 nm SSB/DSB Yes –  
  1. SSB/DSB stay for single/double strand breaks, while SF is survival fraction
  2. Studies at molecular scale (black), in vitro (blue) and in vivo (red) levels are reported. The method of LET measurements are not specified in the papers, but are usually determined on the basis of measurements performed with ionization chambers in water
  3. aYes means availability of data concerning the radical production and the NP localisation in cells. The absence of ticks is indicating the absence of data
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