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Table 4 Application of fullerene NPs in PDT

From: The application of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, fullerene, and graphene nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy

Type of NPs (size, nm)

PS (amount)

NPs–PS interactions

Irradiation conditions

Type of ROS

Cancer cell line

Refs.

In vitro

In vivo

Liposomes (nd)

ATMP (1/C60)

Conjugated

150 W lamp 350–800 nm, 54 J/cm2

1O2

Hep-2

‒

Alvarez et al. (2006)

Liposomes (nd)

AcTMP (1/C60)

Conjugated

150 W lamp 350–800 nm, 54 J/cm2

1O2

Hep-2

‒

Alvarez et al. (2009)

Reversed micelles (nd)

FTEP (1/C60)

Conjugated via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

Visible light (350–800 nm), 0.2 W/cm2, 8 J/cm2

1O2

S. aureus

E. coli

‒

Belen Ballatore et al. (2014)

Liposomes (30)

D-TMPyP (1/C70)

Conjugated

White light 400–700 nm, 17 mW/cm2, 5–20 min

ROS

1O2

A549

HaCaT

‒

Guan et al. (2015b)

Liposomes (20)

TMPyP (1/C70)

Conjugated

Laser 980 nm, 0.8 W/cm2, 10 min

1O2

HeLa-luc

A549

HBE

HeLa-luc tumor-bearing female BALB/c nude mice

Guan et al. (2015a)

Nanovesicles (31)

Ce6 (57 wt%)

Conjugated to C70 via the OEG2 linker

Laser 660 nm, 20 mW/cm2 (in vitro) or 0.1 W/cm2 (in vivo), 10 min

1O2

A549

4T1-luc tumor-bearing female BALB/c mice

Guan et al. (2016)

Micelles (37)

DTX (< 80 wt%)

Encapsulated

Diode laser 532 nm, 0.1 W/cm2, 5 min

ROS

HeLa

S180 tumor-bearing mice

Guo et al. (2014)

Supramolecular assemblies (nd)

TPP (nd)

H-bonds

Electrostatic

Hg lamp, equipped with an UV39 filter, 436 nm, 20–200 mW/cm2, 0–1 J/cm2

nd

K562

‒

Ion et al. (2010)

Supramolecular assemblies (nd)

TPP (2/C60)

H-bonds

Electrostatic

Red light 635 nm, 50 J/cm2, 15 min

ROS

‒

Walker 256 tumor-bearing Wistar rats

Ion et al. (2012)

Complexes (nd)

Ce6 and ZnCe6 (nd)

nd

A) Laser 662 nm and 890 nm, 100 J/cm2

B) Laser 615–680 nm

1O2

‒

A) Embryocarcinoma bearing F1 hybrid female mice (CBA and C57/B6)

B) Lymphogenically metastasizing embryocarcinoma bearing female BALB/c mice

Laptev et al. (2009)

Complexes (nd)

Pyro-a (2/C60)

Conjugated

Laser diode 668 nm, 2.12 mW/cm2, 0.5 and 3 min

1O2

Jurkat

‒

Rancan et al. (2005)

Dendrimers (nd)

Pyro-a (6 or 12/C60)

Conjugated

nd

1O2

Jurkat

Ramos

EBV transformed

B-lymphocytes

‒

Rancan et al. (2007a)

Dendrimers (nd)

Pyro-a (2, 6 or 12/C60)

Conjugated

Laser diode 668 nm, 2.12 mW/cm2, 0.5, 1 and 3 min

1O2

Jurkat

‒

Rancan et al. (2007b)

NPs (80–200)

5-ALA (45.12 wt%)

5-ALA complexed with C60

Laser 630 nm, 0.1 W/cm2, 0.5 min

nd

B16-F10

B16-F10 mice melanoma

Li et al. (2014)

  1. NPs nanoparticles, PS photosensitizer, ROS reactive oxygen species, nd not disclosed, ATMP 5-(4-amidophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin, AcTMP 5-(4-acetamidophenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin, FTEP 5-(4-formylphenyl)-10,15,20-tris[3-(N-ethylcarbozoyl)] porphyrin, TMPyP trismethylpyridylporphyrin, D-TMPyP 5-(4-formylphenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-pyridyl)-porphyrin, Ce6 chlorin e6, OEG2 1,10-diamino-4,7-dioxadecane, DTX docetaxel, TPP tetraphenylporphyrin, UV ultraviolet, Pyro-a pyropheophorbide a, 5-ALA 5-aminolevulinic acid