Fig. 2

GNP-mediated radiation dose enhancement. a Cell survival fractions for control cells (no GNPs) and cells incubated with GNP-RGDs after receiving a radiation dose of 2 Gy with 6 MV X-ray photons, respectively. *Represents statistically significant difference (unpaired t-test, p < 0.05). b, c Quantitative and qualitative representation of DNA DSBs in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with saline (control) and GNP-RGD, prior to 2 Gy, 6 MV X-ray radiation (denoted ‘IR’), respectively. The nucleus is stained with DAPI shown in blue and the markers for DNA DSBs (53BP1) are shown in green. *Represents statistically significant difference (unpaired t-test, p < 0.05). Scale bar = 10 μm