Cockle shell dissolved with hydrochloric acid + CaCl2 + Na2CO3 + calcination
|
Calcite
| |
50-100 nm,
| |
Tram (2020)
|
Higher pressure homogenizer (HPH) microemulsion system
|
Aragonite
|
64–96% doxorubicin
|
12–30 nm rod-shaped, pleomorphic
| |
Kamba (2013), Kamba et al. (2013a)
|
99.5% ciprofloxacin
|
11.93 to 22.12 nm spherical shaped, pleomorphic
| |
Isa et al. (2016)
|
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred at 80 °C for 90 min
|
Aragonite
|
54% vancomycin
|
34 ± 5–36 ± 6 nm, cubic shaped, pleomorphic
|
− 19.4 ± 3.3 mV
|
Saidykhan et al. (2016)
|
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred at 27 °C for 2 h
|
Aragonite
|
93.8% to 97% doxorubicin
|
29.7 ± 5 nm, spherical, pleomorphic
|
− 19.1 ± 3.9 mV
|
Hamidu (2019)
|
Mechanical method
|
Aragonite
|
58.9% cytarabine
|
Diameter ranging from 20 to 50 nm, oval, homogeneous,
|
− 11 mV
|
Ghaji (2018)
|
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred at 270C for 2 h + mechanical method
|
Aragonite
|
95% to 99% doxorubicin
|
24.9 ± 4.07 nm, spherical, homogeneous
|
− 21 mV
|
Danmaigoro et al. (2017)
|
32% to 99% curcumin
|
21.38 ± 2.7 nm spherical, pleomorphic
|
− 18.7 mV
|
Mailafiya (2019b)
|
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred 50 °C for 135 min + mechanical method
|
Aragonite
|
Gold
|
35 ± 16 nm, spherical, pleomorphic
|
− 16.4 ± 3.81 mV
|
Kiranda et al. (2018)
|