Cockle shell-derived aragonite calcium carbonate nanoparticle for targeting cancer and breast cancer stem cells

Cancer Nanotechnology

Table 1 Summary of physiochemical properties of cockle shell-derived calcium carbonate nanoparticles

Mode of CACNP preparation	XRD pattern	Encapsulation efficiency (%)/drug loaded	Size and shape viewed with TEM	Zeta potential	References
Cockle shell dissolved with hydrochloric acid + CaCl₂ + Na₂CO₃ + calcination	Calcite		50-100 nm,		Tram (2020)
Higher pressure homogenizer (HPH) microemulsion system	Aragonite	64–96% doxorubicin	12–30 nm rod-shaped, pleomorphic		Kamba (2013), Kamba et al. (2013a)
Higher pressure homogenizer (HPH) microemulsion system	Aragonite	99.5% ciprofloxacin	11.93 to 22.12 nm spherical shaped, pleomorphic		Isa et al. (2016)
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred at 80 °C for 90 min	Aragonite	54% vancomycin	34 ± 5–36 ± 6 nm, cubic shaped, pleomorphic	− 19.4 ± 3.3 mV	Saidykhan et al. (2016)
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred at 27 °C for 2 h	Aragonite	93.8% to 97% doxorubicin	29.7 ± 5 nm, spherical, pleomorphic	− 19.1 ± 3.9 mV	Hamidu (2019)
Mechanical method	Aragonite	58.9% cytarabine	Diameter ranging from 20 to 50 nm, oval, homogeneous,	− 11 mV	Ghaji (2018)
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred at 27⁰C for 2 h + mechanical method	Aragonite	95% to 99% doxorubicin	24.9 ± 4.07 nm, spherical, homogeneous	− 21 mV	Danmaigoro et al. (2017)
	Aragonite	32% to 99% curcumin	21.38 ± 2.7 nm spherical, pleomorphic	− 18.7 mV	Mailafiya (2019b)
Cockle shell microparticles with surfactant BS-12 stirred 50 °C for 135 min + mechanical method	Aragonite	Gold	35 ± 16 nm, spherical, pleomorphic	− 16.4 ± 3.81 mV	Kiranda et al. (2018)

ISSN: 1868-6966