Fig. 4

In vitro BBB traversing ability of TiO₂ nanosticks loaded with doxorubicin. a is the schematic representation of the transwell BBB model. b SEM micrograph of GBM cell. c The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data of transwell TiO₂ nanosticks taken by GBM–TMZ resistant cells. d In vitro BBB confocal fluorescence data of doxorubicin (Dox) (free and TiO₂ nanosticks loaded) with and without sonication (doxorubicin Em = 595 nm)