Fig. 4

Cytotoxic effect of different GNP nanocomposites, different concentrations of GNP theranostic nanomedicine, effect at different time points and concentration determination in terms of fluorescent intensity. a The cell viability of the first composite (GNP–Cys), second composite (GNP–Cys–Dox) and the third composite (final theranostic nanomedicines (GNP–Cys–Dox–Trans) for 6 h. b The accumulative effect of different concentrations of nanomedicine at 6 and 24 h and c cytotoxic effect of different concentrations at two time points 6 and 24 h. d, e Cytotoxic effect of GNP theranostic nanomedicine at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h. Percentage viability shows the persistent effect of nanomedicine still at 72 h. f (fluorescent intensity at different time points by image J software) Total window fluorescence (67.19 cm²) of GNP theranostic nanomedicine and a decrease in intensity after 6 h that tends to rise and maximum at 24 h. Red represents doxorubicin concentration and green represents GNP nanoparticles. At 72 h most of the nanoparticles and doxorubicin leave the cells, resulting in fluorescence reduction. Data represented in the form of mean (n = 3) ± SD with p value < 0.0001 (***)