Fig. 5
Effects of photothermia on H. pylori biofilm formation. a Macroscopic observation assessed by crystal violet staining in 24-well plate after 4 days of culture. Compared with control, no obvious violet signal was observed in the NCs + heating group, including H. pylori NCTC 11637 as well as two clinical strains (27054 and L2). b Changes of biofilm-to-biomass ratios of H. pylori NCTC 11637, clinical strain 27054 and L2. Bar graph represents mean biofilm-to-biomass ratios (A580/A600 ± standard error of the mean). ** p < 0.01, vs. the control group, n = 3. c Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of H. pylori NCTC 11637 strain biofilms. Cells stained with FITC-ConA (green) which represented the biofilm and PI (red) which represented H. pylori were visualized by confocal microscopy (400 ×), scale bars 25 μm