Table 3 Application of TiO2 NPs in PDT
Type of NPs (size, nm) | PS (amount) | NPs–PS interactions | Irradiation conditions | Type of ROS | Cancer cell line | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitro | In vivo | ||||||
NPs (32–37) | TSPP (1/TiO2) | Conjugated via a silyl linker | Laser irradiation | 1O2 | ‒ | Skin tumors from mice | |
NPs (nd) | ZnPc (nd) | Encapsulated | Laser light 670  nm, 2.5 or 10 J/cm2, or biological photoreactor 597–752 nm, 2.5 J/cm2 | 1O2 | THP-1 HepG2 Vero L. chagasi L. panamensis | ‒ | Lopez et al. (2010) |
NPs (164.2) | DBMC (63.3 μg/TiO2) | Conjugated via an ether linker | UV–visible (≥ 410 nm), 0–60 min | 1O2 | MDA-MB-231 | ‒ | Gangopadhyay et al. (2015) |
NPs (25–40) | AlPcS4 (nd) | Electrostatic attraction | 150-W Xe lamp (420–800 nm), 15 J/cm2 | ROS | HeLa KB | ‒ | (Pan et al. 2015) |
NPs (nd) | 5-ALA (molar mass ratio 5-ALA:TiO2, 2:1) | H-bonds | 403 ± 6 nm, 5 mW/cm2, 18 J/cm2, 60 min | nd | HL60 | ‒ | Lu et al. (2015) |
Nanowhiskers (> 100) | TSPP (15.7 wt%) | Physical absorption | Visible light 500–550 nm, 30 min | ROS 1O2 | Fibroblast cells from RA joint of SD rats | Male SD strain rats and DBA-1 mice with RA disease | Zhao et al. (2015) |
Nanowhiskers (30) | TSPP (17.4 wt%) | Charge transfer | Green light 500–550 nm, 5 mW/dm2, 10 min | 1O2 | HSC RSC | ‒ | Zhao et al. (2016) |
Nanowhiskers (nd) | TSPP (nd) | Ionic bonding | Visible LED light (500–550 nm), 5 mW/dm2, 5 min for in vitro and 60 min for in vivo | ROS 1O2 | RA infected BMS cells | BMS cells from the RA infected murine models | Rehman et al. (2015) |
Nanowhiskers (nd) | TSPP (concentration TiO2:TSPP, 6:1) | Solution mixture | Green light 500–550 nm, 60 min | ROS 1O2 | Fibroblast primary cells from SD rats | Male SD rats | Rehman et al. (2016b) |
Nanowhiskers (nd) | TSPP (concentration TiO2:TSPP, 10:1) | Absorption | Visible light 500–550 nm, 60 min | ROS 1O2 | ‒ | Diabetes mellitus murine model (type I and type II) | Rehman et al. (2016a) |