Fig. 3

Physicochemical characterizations of protein–gold nanoparticle interactions in urea-lysates or enriched low-abundance proteins (eLAPs) from patient plasma. a, b The physicochemical characteristics (size and charge) of synthesized GNPs. c Biological activity of GNPs in cancer cells. The proliferation of TykNu cells in the presence or absence of GNPs was measured by cyquant assay. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, Student t-test, * = P < 0.01, ** = P < 0.001, *** = P < 0.0001, n = 6. d, e Hydrodynamic diameter (HD) and charges of GNPs after incubation with lysate proteins. The HD and charge of GNPs after incubation with various amounts of urea- and RIPA-lysate proteins were measured using DLS and zeta potential measurements. f Stability of GNPs. Protein coronas with 150 mM NaCl were characterized by DLS and zeta potential measurements. g, h Hydrodynamic diameter (HD) and charge of GNPs after incubation with 200 µg of protein from urea-lysates, human plasma, or eLAPs were characterized by DLS and zeta potential measurements