Table 2 Summary of modality of nanomedicine used for glioma chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

TMZ; angiopep-2 (A2)-modified polymeric micelle (A2PEC); small interfering RNA (SiPLK1)

Targeting; crossing BBB; improve TMZ sensitivity (Shi et al. 2020)

PTX; Aptamer AS1411; PLGA-PEG

Targeting tumor cells; enhancing the aggregation of PTX at the tumor site (Guo et al. 2011)

TMZ; liposome-BC

Targeting; enhance treatment effectiveness (Arcella et al. 2018)

Combined therapies

 Chemotherapy/Gene therapy

Polyethyleneimine; poly[(poly(2-diisopropylamino/2-mercaptoethylamine) ethyl aspartate]; cytosine deaminase (CD) gene; 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC)

Effective CD gene transfection and expression; PH-responsive; crossing BBB (Wang et al. 2014)

Iron oxide nanoparticles; folate (FA); Pt; siGPX4

Targeting tumor cells; inhibited GPX4 expression; creating reactive oxygen species that trigger ferroptosis (Zhang et al. 2020a)

Anti-miR-21; ApoE; poly(amine-co-ester)

Locally delivery of miRNA; improve the stability of nanoparticle and improve intracranial distribution (Seo et al. 2019)

 Chemotherapy/Immunotherapy

High-density lipoprotein; cytosine guanine (CpG); tumor-specific neoantigens; PD-L1

Targeting tumor cells, specific T-cell response; immunological memory; glioma regression (Scheetz et al. 2020)

AuNPs; DOX; hydroxychloroquine; PD-L1

Enhancing the aggregation of DOX; autophagy inhibition; blocking the immunosuppressive pathway (Ruan et al. 2019)

 Chemotherapy/SDT

Porphyrin-phospholipid liposome; DOX;

Enhancing the nuclear uptake; improving the aggregation of DOX at the tumor site (Wang et al. 2018)

Sonosensitizer IR780; paclitaxel prodrug; ROS-responsive thioketal linkers;

ROS generation; controlled release of PTX; synergic cell-killing effects (Wang et al. 2014)

 Chemotherapy/CDT

TMZ; internalizing arginine-glycine-aspartic acid; cationic liposome; MnO

Targeting tumor cells; TME-responsive; reducing tumor hypoxia; lowering the drug resistance (Tan et al. 2020)

DOX; metal-tea polyphenol; epigallocatechin-3-gallate; hyaluronic acid

Targeting tumor cells; GSH depletion; Fenton reaction; amplify oxidative stress; crossing BBB (Mu et al. 2021)

 Chemotherapy /PDT

Transferrin; aptamer AS1411; [Ru(bpy)2(tip)]2 + ; mesoporous ruthenium nanoparticles;

Targeting tumor cells; crossing BBB; ROS generation (Zhu et al. 2018)

Polydopamine; DOX; magnetic mesoporous silica; photosensitizer chlorin e6; Human serum albumin

PH-responsive; magnetic field navigation; ROS generation; glioma regression; targeting tumor cells (Tang et al. 2018)

 Chemotherapy /PTT

Graphene quantum dots; cancer cell membrane; DOX;

Targeting; crossing BBB; hyperthermia; good biosafety (Ren et al. 2022)

Angiopep-2; amino acid-conjugated camptothecin; lysine; arginine; canine dyes

PH-responsive, effective glioma accumulation; hyperthermia; targeting; crossing BBB (Lu et al. 2021)

 Chemotherapy /MH

TMZ; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; lipid magnetic nanovectors; transferrin receptor

Targeting; crossing BBB; local heating; remote activation (Marino et al. 2019)

TMZ; magnetic polymer nanoparticles; folic acid

Targeting; crossing BBB; hyperthermia (Afzalipour et al. 2021)

 Chemotherapy /Starving therapy

Aptamer-like peptide (APT_EDB); PTX;

High cellular accumulation; dual-targeting; antiangiogenic (Gu et al. 2014)

DOX; glucose oxidase; metal–organic framework; tumor targeting ligands (RGD)

Tumor-targeting, high blood retention time; Depletion of glucose and oxygen; TME-responsive (Ke et al. 2022)