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Early stage evaluation of cancer stem cells using platinum nanoparticles/CD133+ enhanced nanobiocomposite

Cancer Nanotechnology volume 14, Article number: 55 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are of great diagnostic importance due to their involvement in tumorigenesis, therapeutic resistance, metastasis and relapse.

Method

In this work, a sensitive electrochemical cytosensor was successfully established to detect HT-29 colorectal cancer stem cells based on a nanocomposite composed of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using a simple and fast electrodeposition technique on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE).

Results

According to SEM images, the PtNPs nanoparticles formed on the MSNs substrate are about 100 nm. As expected, high-rate porosity, increased surface-to-volume ratio, provides appropriate local electron transfer rate and suitable platform for the efficient formation of PtNPs. These features allow direct and stable binding of biotinylated monoclonal antibody of CD133 to streptavidin (Strep) and the subsequent availability of active sites for CSCs identification. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results show that close interaction of CD133+ cells with monoclonal antibodies reduces charge transfer and electrical current, as confirmed by square wave voltammogram (SWV). Based on the recorded current versus number of CSCs, we noted that our developed system can sense CSCs from 5 to 20 cells/5 μL.

Conclusions

As a proof of concept, the designed nanobiocomposite was able to specifically detect CD133+ cells compared to whole HT-29 cells before magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) process.

Introduction

Colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer mortality, the second and third most common malignancies in men and women, respectively, is potentially treatable at stages 1 and 2 if early diagnosed (Ghoncheh et al. 2016). The 5-year survival in these stages is about 70–90% (Haggar and Boushey 2009). This index is reduced to 50–70% and 10–14% in stages 3 and 4 cases, respectively (Ghoncheh et al. 2016). At stage 4, known as the distant (metastatic) era, the tumor branches out and spreads to distant organs and the lymph nodes through the blood and lymphatic vessels (Haggar and Boushey 2009; Markowitz and Bertagnolli 2009; Ricci-Vitiani et al. 2009). It is clear that early detection in the primary phases prevents metastasis and death. However, countries do not regularly implement colorectal cancer screening programs such as CT scans and MRI. In a tumor, in addition to the highly proliferating cells involved in the development of neoplasm mass and maintaining tumor growth, there is a small subset of undifferentiated slow cycle cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) (Reya et al. 2001; Bomken et al. 2010). CSCs, as resemble tumor roots (Vinogradov and Wei 2012), exhibit the similar properties to self-regenerating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as unbounded proliferation and the potential for multidirectional differentiation (Melo et al. 2017; Bu and Cao 2012). The difference is that CSCs cause uncoordinated tumor growth due to their inability to inhibit excessive proliferation and differentiation (Ricci-Vitiani et al. 2009; Kreso and Dick 2014; Shimokawa et al. 2017). Common chemo and radiotherapy may reduce tumor volume and the number of somatic cancer cells from solid tumors, however, CSCs are generally not affected after these treatments (Hardin et al. 2017). These cells may escape treatment-induced damage by adopting resistance strategies, such as decrease of reactive oxygen species (Reya et al. 2001; Bomken et al. 2010; Diehn et al. 2009; Dalerba et al. 2007a; Baumann et al. 2008), increased DNA repair capacity, upregulation of metabolizing enzymes of cytostatic drugs such as aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and also expression of ABC transporters mediating multidrug-resistant (Kolodny et al. 2018; Pathania et al. 2018). After completing the treatment, hidden CSCs (Heddleston et al. 2010; LaBarge 2010) are potentially able to reconstruct a secondary tumor (Hosonuma et al. 2011; Tsai et al. 2011) and are supposed to be a means of metastasis to distant organs (Chiou et al. 2010; Croker et al. 2009). Brabletz and Oscarson groups considered two subgroups for colorectal CSCs: migratory cancer stem cells (MCSCs) and stationary cancer stem cells (SCSCs) (Brabletz et al. 2005; Oskarsson et al. 2014). Small fraction of circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs) as agents for the development of new metastatic tumors, express CSC markers, including ALDH1, CD24, CD44, CD166 and CD133(Dalerba et al. 2007a; Yang et al. 2015; Liao et al. 2014). CD133 is a membrane-bound pentaspan glycoprotein which is involved autophagy, matrix metalloproteinase functions and resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT) and other variety of cellular processes (Li et al. 2012; Chenaghlou et al. 2021). Recent studies have indicated that therapeutic practices, including chemotherapy and radiation in CD133+ stem like cells, can increase the autophagic response in these cells (Dalerba et al. 2007b; Kazama et al. 2018; Chen et al. 2010; Todaro et al. 2010). As a result of a study, unlike CD133− cells, the isolation of CD133+ cells from colorectal tumors and then injection into mice led to niching and reconstructing tumors (Ricci-Vitiani et al. 2007; O’Brien et al. 2007). To this end, accurate detection of rare and heterogeneous numbers of MCSCs in body fluids: urine, blood and saliva require the design and construction of highly sensitive platforms (Ozkumur et al. 2013; Fachin et al. 2017). Despite several advantages in common cancer diagnosis techniques including flow cytometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry, they are relatively expensive, need experts, time-consuming, and also have low sensitivity (Xu et al. 2020). Recently, many efforts have been made to build portable electrochemical cell measurement tools by using low cost and biocompatible nanomaterials to identify the type, number and physiological parameters of the cells with selectivity and satisfactory sensitivity, easy operation and low or non-invasion and rapid response (Hasanzadeh et al. 2009; Nasrollahpour et al. 2021a; Rasouliyan et al. 2021; Saghatforoush et al. 2009; Same et al. 2022; Vandghanooni et al. 2021; Babaei et al. 2010). In this work, a nanobiocomposite of mesoporous silica and platinum nanoparticles conjugated with CD133 monoclonal antibody designed for cytosensing of HT-29 CSCs-CD133+. Mesoporous silica nanostructure which applied as a substrate for effective foundation of PtNPs, due to its interest porosity, increases the mass and charge transfer of electroactive species thus improves electrical conductivity. The PtNPs along with conductivity, enhance the direct and stable binding of biotinylated antibodies via streptavidin immobilization. The organic–inorganic chemical composition of tetraethyl orthosilicate (Si(OEt)4) with desirable properties like mechanical strength, chemical and thermal stability, simple preparation via applying a negative potential under acidic conditions, provides a biocompatible platform in the construction of electrochemical based biosensors (Ciriminna et al. 2013; Farghaly and Collinson 2016; Isildak et al. 2020; Karimzadeh et al. 2020; Mansouri et al. 2020; Nasrollahpour et al. 2021b, 2021c). The electrodeposition method established both MSNs/PtNPs substrate at the same time in an environmentally friendly manner known as the green synthesis. This process makes nanocomposites preparation done in one- pot, fast and especially low cost. Some properties of nanocomposites such as thickness and porosity can be adjusted by modifying the parameters of the manufacturing process like deposition time, potential and concentration (Farghaly and Collinson 2014; Rezapour Sarabi et al. 2022). Applying a negative potential at the optimal time, following OH- hydrolysis of ethanol and water and condensing TEOS monomer precursors on the working electrode, creates a mesoporous silica film (Deepa et al. 2003; Sibottier et al. 2006; Goux et al. 2009). Metal nanoparticles electrogeneration in basic conditions and direct reduction of metal ion complexes are among the methods that provide the electrodeposition of PtNPs from solution to the electrode surface (Therese and Kamath 2000).

Experimental

Materials

Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H2Cl6Pt.6H2O), 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH), hydrochloric acid and streptavidin were obtained from Sigma. Biotinylated monoclonal antibody of CD133 protein was purchased from Novus Biologicals. Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (MyOne) was purchased from Invitrogen. Merck products H2SO4, Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, NaNO3, KCl, HNO3, NaOH, Al2O3 and NaCl were used. Absolute ethanol and paraformaldehyde (PFA) were obtained from Scharlau and Fluka, respectively. Finally, the solutions purchased from Gibco include Trypsin–EDTA, penicillin/streptomycin (P/S), TrypLE and DMEM/LG.

Apparatus

Metrohm Autolab equipped with Nova software provided electrochemical synthesis and exploring of electrical signal changes on glassy carbon electrodes. The operation on the working, counter, and reference electrodes was organized by actuators of glassy carbon (2 mm diameter), Platinum wire and silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes, respectively. The acidity/basicity of the prepared material was measured using a pH meter (Corning, 120) also a magnetic stirrer (Heidolph) and an ultrasonic device (Transonic 420) were employed for homogenization. SEM imaging of electrodeposited nanocomposite was done by TESCAN MIRA3 instrument.

In situ synthesis of MSNs/PtNPs

Co-electrodeposition of MSNs/PtNPs nanocomposite was regulated according to the process described in the article (Xu et al. 2020). Briefly, a solution consisting of 100 μL TEOS monomer, 5 mL ethanol (C2H5OH), 4 mL double-distillated H2O (water) and 0.16998 g NaNO3 (sodium nitrate) was prepared. After aging for 1 h in 350 rpm, the sol–gel solution was obtained. The solution was prepared by adding 1 mL of 0.63 mM platinum salt (H2Cl6Pt.6H2O) and 300 μL of HCl (0.1 mM) Finally, it was transferred to an electrochemical cell for electrodeposition at the optimal potential and time using chronoamperometry technique (E = −1.23 V for 50 s). The obtained electrode was nominated as PtNPs/MSNs-GCE.

Immobilization of streptavidin on MSNs/PtNPs modified electrode

At this stage, an appropriate amount of streptavidin was incubated at specific time on the electrode. To do this, 5 μL of 25 µg/mL streptavidin was coated at 4 °C for 3 h then to remove unattached material the Strep-PtNPs/MSNs-GCE was soaked in PBS for five minutes. Electrochemical techniques were applied to investigate the electrochemical behavior in a solution containing 0.1 M KCl, 5 mM potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide in a ratio of (1:1). Ascending potentials were scanned from −0.6 to 0.2 V at 0.1 V/s.

Immobilization of monoclonal antibody of CD133 on the modified electrode

Here, 5 μL of 0.6 µg/mL biotinylated anti-CD133 was dropped on modified electrode (Strep-PtNPs/MSNs-GCE) and incubated for 2 h at 4 °C and after immersing in PBS, its electrical current changes were recorded according to the previous procedure. The obtained electrode was nominated as Ab-Strep-PtNPs/MSNs-GCE.

Cell culture

HT-29 cell line, bought from the Pasteur Institute of IRAN, and cultured in low glucose (DMEM) supplemented with 7% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% P/S, at 5% CO2 in a 37 °C humid incubator. Following growth and achieving 80% of confluency, the cells were detached from culture flasks, adding TrypLE, collected and centrifuged in 1500 rpm at 10 min, then washed. Cell count was revealed using a Neubauer hemocytometer chamber.

Magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS)

In the following the biotinylated CD133 antibody were incubated with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (MyOne), mixed every 15 min for 5 h. Then the HT-29 cells suspension mixed with CD133 antibody-beads for 2 h at 4 °C. After washing the MACS column, the incubated cells with CD133-MyOne beads were passed through a LS-column. Finally, the cells crossed the column as negative control and the remaining cells in the column were separated from the column and used as CD133+ cells and subjected to the calibration curve. It should be noted that, negative and positive cells were counted and about 1.75% of the cells was noted to be CD133+.

Results

Investigation of electrodeposition of MSNs/PtNPs on the working electrode

To achieve the optimal potential of the desirable co-electrodeposition of MSNs/PtNPs nanocomposite on the GCE, the solution content monomers of nanocomposite deposited in constant time (40 s) and different potential via CHA technique (−1.1 to −1.25 V) and signal amplification were checked through DPV technique. Finally, the best nanocomposite for signal amplification was observed at (E = −1.23 V for 50 s).

Effect of MSNs/PtNPs

To investigate the synergistic signal amplification of nanocomposite, MSNs and PtNPs were synthesized individually. The peak heights obtained from both were compared with the total current. Their peak height was less than the co-electrodeposition of the nanocomposite. The comparison of peak currents is illustrated in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Signal amplification in co-electrodeposition of MSNs/PtNPs nanocomposite in CV (A), EIS (B), SWV (C) and DPV (D) techniques with their histograms

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PtNPs was probably deposited as an incomplete film with low density so the signal amplification was weaker than when electrosynthesized simultaneously with MSNs. The porosity formed in mesoporous silica increases the surface-to-volume ratio, improves the electron transfer rate and provides a suitable place for the genesis of active platinum nanoparticles.

Optimization of the incubation time of streptavidin

After attaining the appropriate concentration of streptavidin at 4 °C, the optimal incubation time at the proper concentration was checked. To do that, 5 μL of 25 µg/mL streptavidin was coated on PtNPs/MSNs-GCE for various times of (2, 3, 6 and 24 h). According to the recorded DPV histogram, 3 h incubation seems to be the most appropriate time for streptavidin layering in PtNPs/MSNs-GCE, whereas overcoating of the modified electrode in excess time led to electrical insulation. The incubation time of streptavidin is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Optimization of concentration of streptavidin A DPV, B SWV and their histograms. Optimization of incubation time of streptavidin, C DPV and D SWV and their histograms

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Optimization of monoclonal biotinylated CD133 antibody concentration

To obtain the suitable concentration of the monoclonal antibody on the modified electrode, four different concentrations of Ab-CD133 (60, 6, 0.6, 0.006 µg/mL) were immobilized on Ab-Strep-PtNPs/MSNs-GCE and incubated for 2 h at 4 °C. At a concentration of 0.6 µg/mL, not only the DPV peak height reduction is not notable, but also can cover the electrode surface optimally and create high efficiency active sites. Therefore, it was a favorable antibody concentration for next step.

Optimization of the incubation time of monoclonal antibody of CD133

After reaching the appropriate concentration of anti-CD133 and incubation temperature, the optimal incubation time was investigated. To do this, 5 μL of 0.6 μg/mL anti-CD133 was coated on modified GCE at various times (0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h) and then, as in the previous steps, the peak height was monitored by DPV and SWV techniques. The results showed that 2-h period was sufficient time for stable incubation and direct binding via biotin–streptavidin antibody while maintaining the efficiency. The optimization of incubation time of the capture antibody is presented in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Optimization of concentration of anti-CD133 A DPV, B SWV and their histograms. Optimization of incubation time of anti-CD133, C DPV and D SWV and their histograms

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Electrode preparation steps

The glassy carbon electrode was first washed physically and electrochemically by polishing alumina and then applying potentials in a solution of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, respectively. Then PtNPs/MSNs nanocomposite was electrodeposited by applying the optimum potential at the optimum time (−1.23 V for 50 s). Subsequently, the 25 µg/mL of streptavidin was incubated on the PtNPs/MSNs/GCE for 3 h at 4 °C. Finally, the 0.6 µg/mL of biotin-containing anti-CD133 was stabilized on Strep-PtNPs/MSNs-GCE for 2 h at 4 °C. Eventually 5 µL of 1 µM MCH was poured onto the electrode for 30 min to block unspecified sites. At the end the electrode was washed carefully with PBS. The electrode preparation steps were step by step confirmed via different electrochemical techniques and presented in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Electrode preparation steps in different electrochemical techniques A CV, B EIS, C DPV, D SWV

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Study of surface morphology and properties

The surface of the fabricated cytosensor at each stage of the foundation was examined morphologically. Figure 5 shows clear scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the porous structure formed on the electrode and the proper stabilization of cancer stem cells on a modified electrode at different magnifications. In order to validate the correct operation processes dot mapping and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were checked. The presence of silica, oxygen and platinum atoms shown in Additional file 1: Table S1 confirms the successful formation of PtNPs/MSNs on the GCE.

Fig. 5
figure 5

A–C SEM images of the electrodeposited MSNs on the GCE, D–F co-electrodeposition of MSNs/PtNPs nanocomposite, and G–I immobilized cells on the modified electrode (CD133+ cells-Ab-Strep-PtNPs/MSNs-GCE) in different magnifications

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Calibration curve

To expose the analyte and plot the calibration curve, a certain number of picked up CD133+ cells were incubated on the modified electrode (CD133+ cells-Ab-Strep-PtNPs/MSNs-GCE) at 37 °C for 1 h, and then rinsed in PBS slowly. The linear range of 5–20 cells in SWV technique demonstrated CD133+ CSCs was detected by the proposed cytosensor with R2 = 0.9642. The calibration curve and related voltammograms are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Calibration curve, A the SWV technique’s response in different number of CD133+ cells, B the SWV technique’s histogram, C the EIS technique’s response in different number of CD133+ cells, and D the linear relationship between the peak heights versus the cells number

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Repeatability, reproducibility, stability and selectivity

To evaluate the cytosensor repeatability, the RSD calculation obtained from the SWV voltammogram for a concentration of 5 cells in 5 μL of CD133+ HT-29 for five repetitive measurements was about 1.5%. This satisfactory repeatability refers to the unique and regular synthesis of MSN-PtNPs in GCE as well as the direct binding of antibodies via the streptavidin to the nanocomposite.

The analytical performance of the two processed GC electrodes at the concentration of 20 cells/5 μL HT-29 CSC was evaluated in the same way. The attained relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.35% indicates satisfactory cytosensor reproducibility. To check the stability of the cytosensor, 8 repetitions were recorded from SWV voltammograms. It should be noted that the SWV voltammetry technique was repeated by scanning the potential from −0.6 to 0.2 V at scan rate of 0.1 V/s in an electrochemical cell. The RSD of the obtained results was 2.66% at the concentrations of 15 cells/5 μL, indicating its suitable stability. In the selectivity test, following incubation of somatic cancer cells (SCC) and cancer stem cells (CSC) under the same experimental conditions, comparing DPV responses verified the selective diagnosis of CSC by the proposed cytosensor. As shown in Additional file 1: Fig. S3, the selectivity experiments were performed on three different concentrations 5, 15 and 20 cells/5 μL. Remarkable decrease was not observed in electrochemical signals resulting from the somatic cancer cells, which could be indicate that the expression of CD133 on the CSC surface is significant (roughly two times) in comparison with the somatic cancer cells.

The comparative results showed the good selectivity of the developed cytosensor.

Discussion

Various nano-electrochemical cytosensors have been explored, with the aim of building a device for accurate, highly sensitive and specific sensing, using a variety of nanomaterials in various synthesis methods for evaluation of cancer cells which was studied summarized in f. A sandwich-type electrochemical cytosensor has been designed based a two-step binding recognition mechanism of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on leukemia cells surface to HRP-TRAIL-Fe3O4@Au hybrid nanoprobes and the quantitative characterization of DR4/DR5 expression status on cell surfaces through dendrimer-stabilized Au nanoparticles (Au DSNPs) (Zheng et al. 2013). It was noted that the sandwich-type cytosensor improves CTCs capture efficiency and boosts the sensitivity by reason of the binding and detection of surface proteins on both cell sides, however, designing and fabrication of probes is quite complex and multi-stage, time-consuming and costly. Besides, prolonged antibody incubation, reducing the amount of proper binding resulting from random and non-specific binding, are some of the challenges that need to be addressed. Apart from the challenges on the complexity and prolongation of nanostructures and nanoprobes processing time in sandwich-type electrochemical sensors, the issue of environmental and personal damage in dealing with harmful substances in this type of procedure is worth considering. Likewise, the stability and adhesion of chemically processed nanostructures on the electrode is reduced because they are spread on the electrode. Naturally, the distribution and dripping of them on the electrode has little stability and adhesion. Maintaining the stability and efficiency of HRP-labeled metal nanoprobes prepared during a long process and consuming high thermal energy is another problem of the biosensor durability. Overall, the response time of the bioassay increases following the long incubation time of the nanoprobes in sandwich strategy (Sun et al. 2016). In this work, a novel PtNPs/MSNs nanocomposite was designed for a label-free, rapid and sensitive cytosensing of HT-29 CSCs. Both materials of this biocompatible nanocomposite were simultaneously co-electrodeposited in less than one minute. Electrodeposition method applied is a simple approach for in situ, fast and one pot composing of PtNPs/MSNs nanocomposite. It is also a type of green synthesis which minimizes the consumption and production of pollutants and environmentally harmful waste (The summary of the previously prepared cytosensors for the evaluation of CTCs is shown in Table 1).

Table 1 A summary of the proposed cytosensors for the evaluation of CTCs
Full size table

Conclusion

Evaluation of CSCs-CD133+ based on PtNPs/MSNs nanocomposite in the electrochemical platform succeeded in tracking linear range of 5–20 cells/5 μL suitable for cancer detection in the early stages of tumor formation. It has a significant sensitivity compared to flow cytometry as a reference method. So may be a good candidate for use in integrated diagnostic tools for low-cost clinical diagnosis if other antibodies specific to this cell line are involved. The fusion of the mesoporous structure of silica beside active and adhesive PtNPs, increases the mass and charge transfer rate, and provide many active sites for the binding of stable and direct biotinylated monoclonal antibody of CD133 via the streptavidin–biotin interaction. Thus, the cytosensor responded to the lowest number of conjugated cell to the CD133 monoclonal antibody. Despite many efforts to identify circulating tumor cells (CTCs), the calculation of CTCs number is not practically applicable due to small fraction of these cells in blood and fluctuation in their population. These conditions do not provide effective information for clinicians to precisely follow up the cancer patients. Perhaps, if more sophisticated cytosensors are developed to detect CSCs, as part of CTCs, and related by products such as exosomes, we will be more successful detection of tumorigenesis in the initial phase and also monitoring of the therapeutic efficiency. Especially, these conditions are vital in patients with high-degree tumors, because of resistant CSCs. These cells can circulate in body fluids and initiate new tumor foci in remote sites which need to be tracked. To this end, the range of cytosensor detection for certain cell types should be in a way to diagnose minimum CTCs in the initial phase of tumor development. It seems that detection of tumor cells outside this range is not clinically effective because other conventional analytical assays such as CBC, histological examination can help us in the diagnosis of cancer patients. Interestingly, in patients with different cancer types at phases II, III clinical signs are easily detectable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences for funding of this project.

Funding

This project was financially supported by faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Grant Number: 67620).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 516661-4733, Iran

    Solmaz Sadi, Soodabeh Davaran & Farhad Bani

  2. Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Balal Khalilzadeh, Mahdi Mahdipour & Fatemeh Sokouti Nasimi

  3. Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgy, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ibrahim Isildak

  4. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad-Reza Rashidi

Authors
  1. Solmaz Sadi
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  2. Balal Khalilzadeh
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  3. Mahdi Mahdipour
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  4. Fatemeh Sokouti Nasimi
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  5. Ibrahim Isildak
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  7. Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
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  8. Farhad Bani
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Contributions

SS contributed to all experimental analysis and preparing of first draft. BK supervised the study and participated in idea, development of the method, validation of data and editing. MM and FSN participated in cell culture and stem cells isolation. II helped in validation of data and editing. SD and MRR contributed to data interpretations. FB was the supervisor of the study and assisted data interpretations. [All authors read and approved the final manuscript.]

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Balal Khalilzadeh or Farhad Bani.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

All patients were asked to complete the informed consent. All procedures of this study were approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR.TBZMED.VCR.REC.1400.198). All procedures were done under the declaration of Helsinki.

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Not applicable.

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The authors declare no competing interest.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1: Figure S1.

Dot mapping images of the deposition of MSNs on the GCE, A) Carbon atoms B) Oxygen atoms and C) Oxygen and silica atoms, co-electrodeposition of MSNs/PtNPs nanocomposite, D) Oxygen atoms, E) Platinum atoms, F) Carbon atoms, G) Silica atoms and H) Oxygen, silica and platinum atoms. Figure S2. Immobilized stem cells on the modified electrodein different magnifications. Figure S3. The selectivity of the biosensor. Comparison of DPV peak heights of somatic cancer cellsand cancer stem cellsat three different concentrations of 5, 15 and 20 cells /mL. Table S1. The percentage of carbon, silica, oxygen and platinum atoms in MSN and MSN-PtNPs on the GCE. Table S2. Studying of the reproducibility of the cytosensor with two same GC electrodes at concentrations of 20 cells/mL. Table S3. Investigation of the stability of the cytosensor via peak heights at concentrations of 15 cells/mL.

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Sadi, S., Khalilzadeh, B., Mahdipour, M. et al. Early stage evaluation of cancer stem cells using platinum nanoparticles/CD133+ enhanced nanobiocomposite. Cancer Nano 14, 55 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12645-023-00208-4

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Keywords

Cancer Nanotechnology

ISSN: 1868-6966

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